Communication Is An Important Tool For Developing An...

Introduction Human beings are communicative objects; and they cannot know each other without a communication system (Harris, Nelson, 2008). Because of communication systems, human interaction is imperative for surviving and living in secure lives. As Harris Nelson (2008) indicate that communication is a way of sharing our ideas and feelings with people. Communication is not only important in our own personal lives, but also in any organization. According to Harris and Nelson (2008), communication plays a major role in all activities in the workplace. Also Greenbaum, Clampitt, Willihnganz (1988) emphasize that communication is an important tool for developing an effective organization. Successful communication within an organization†¦show more content†¦On the other hand, to help the company or any organization increase their profits and service quality, management theories need to be established to handle the profits and service quality. Management theories explain ways in which management can best help their workers increase productivity and achieve organizational goals. A method rang from looking at the welfare of workers to focusing on managerial decisions. This research paper will define traditional, interpretive and, critical perspectives and applying them to Marriott Hotel. Also this research will define the management theories and applying them to Hard Rock Cafà ©. The traditional perspective According to Papa, Daniels, Spiker (2007), the â€Å" traditional perspective is so called simply because it is the oldest of three perspectives† (p. 8). From the traditional perspective, organizational communication is defined as the process of a message traveling across space through a channel from one point to another. Traditionalists see that communication as valuable material object that travels though channels such as computers, telephones, and other tangible substances. From this viewpoint, organizational communication is an observable activity that can be subjected to measuring, labeling, and classification (Papa, Daniels, Spiker, 2007), and occurs in a straight direction with a channel acting as a direct linkage between

Child Abuse and Neglect - 2110 Words

A LITERATURE REVIEW Presented to the Department of Criminal Justice California State University, Long Beach In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Science By Kirsten Anderson California State University, Long Beach March 9, 2014 Every year around four million children in the United States experience a traumatic event, including the abuse and neglect of a child, also known as child maltreatment, (Schwartz Perry, 1994). In 2005, 3.3 million referrals were made that year to child protective agencies for suspected child maltreatment, (Bentley Widom, 2009). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines child maltreatment as â€Å"any act or series of acts of commission†¦show more content†¦The therapy was developed to treat depression and anxiety symptoms that are usually associated with PTSD, (Cohen, Mannarino, Debinger, 2006). The most common form of child maltreatment is child neglect, (Hildyard Wolfe, 2002). According to (Hildyard Wolf, 2002) child neglect affects a child’s â€Å"cognitive, socio-emotional, and behavioral development.† Child neglect would be failing to take care of a child’s basic needs, as in not providing a house, clothes, water, medical care, de ntal care, or even education, (Elam Kleist, 1999). Children who suffer from abuse or neglect are more likely to do poorly in middle and high school, than children who did not suffer from abuse or neglect, (Eckenrode, Rowe, Laird, Brathwaite, 1995). Studies show a tremendous high rate of academic problems among maltreated children than nonmaltreated children, (Eckenrode, Rowe, Laird, Brathwaite, 1995). In a study conducted, a sample was taken where researchers randomly selected 420 maltreated children in kindergarten through twelfth grade and 420 nonmaltreated children also in kindergarten through twelfth grade, (Eckenrode, Rowe, Laird, Brathwaite, 1995). By using available sources, they discovered maltreated children’s test scores were dramatically lower the nonmaltreated children’s test scores, (Eckenrode, Rowe, Laird, Brathwaite, 1995). Juveniles and adults who have been abused or neglected as a child are more likely to take-partShow MoreRelatedChild Abuse and Neglect1653 Words   |  7 Pages Child Abuse and Neglect Child abuse, or child maltreatment, is an act by a parent or caretaker that results in or allows the child to be subjected to death, physical injury, sexual assault, or emotional harm. Emotional abuse, neglect, physical abuse, and sexual abuse are all different forms of child abuse. Child abuse is more than bruises and broken bones. While physical abuse might be the most visible, other types of abuse, such as emotional abuse and neglect, also leave deep, lastingRead MoreChild Abuse And Neglect704 Words   |  3 Pagesexperience this feeling, not just for a second, but throughout their childhood. Neglect is child abuse, as well as physical abuse, sexual abuse, and emotional abuse. Child abuse is awful because it causes the child to feel worthless, to lose trust, and to have serious psychological problems early on in life. Neglect is the most common form of child abuse. The parent or caregiver fails to provide basic needs for the child. Neglected children are constantly being told that they are worthless orRead MoreChild Neglect : Neglect As A Form Of Child Abuse2216 Words   |  9 PagesChild Abuse: Neglect Has The Community Done Enough To Reduce Cases Of Neglect As A Form Of Child Abuse? Thesis statement: most scholars and practitioners have elaborated adverse impacts of child abuse, especially child neglect, but the research focuses on the positive side of the discourse; it concentrates on the community contribution and the steps that have helped to reduce and stop the act in many nations. The term child abuse got used in a very broad array of situation that it has become hardRead MoreChild Abuse and Neglect2475 Words   |  10 Pages This paper will discuss child abuse and neglect and the lasting effects left on a child. The main types of abuse and neglect explained are emotional abuse, psychological abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, medical neglect, educational neglect, emotional neglect, and physical neglect. Included are some warning signs of these different types of abuse and neglect and the legal definitions of each. It is important to understand that all of these forms of abuse and neglect are different and containRead MoreChild Abuse and Neglect922 Words   |  4 PagesASSIGNMENT 1: SOCIAL ISSUE- CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT KIM CARTER SOCIOLOGY PROFESSOR PATRICIA HENNINGTON JANRUARY 29, 2012 Child abuse and neglect The issue of child abuse and neglect is serious, controversial, and is escalating in today’s society. Many people are not aware, but child abuse is rampant in our society. Many child abuse and neglect cases go unreported because a person may not know the signs and symptoms of child abuse and neglect or perhaps the person or person may feel that thisRead MoreChild Abuse and Neglect1678 Words   |  7 Pagestopic of child abuse is one of the hardest topics to write about. It is imperative to have a profound understanding of this topic and its consequences specially when working in the field of human services. Professionally and personally, I have encountered situations where child abuse is present. This reality has touched my life in many ways and these experiences continue shaping me as a human being and as social service provider. I will try to cover in this paper the subject of child abuse, its definitionsRead MoreChild Abuse And Neglect Of A Child817 Words   |  4 PagesC hild Abuse and Neglect The meaning of child abuse is the mistreatment of a child in the form of injury, sexual abuse, neglect or exploitation. The signs of possible child abuse include, but are not limited to sudden behavior change, untreated medical issues, difficulties in school, lack of adult attention, the child makes excuses to stay away from home. Parents can also show signs such as showing little interest in the child, blaming the child for the child’s problems. The parent could ask theRead More Child Abuse and Neglect814 Words   |  4 Pages Child Abuse Child abuse and neglect is frightfully high. As a country this is unacceptable. We need to come up with better ways to fight this â€Å"disease† before we destroy our children, our future. An estimated 903,000 children across the country were victims of abuse or neglect in 2001, according to national data released by the Department of Health and Human Services. The statistics indicate that about 12.4 out of every 1,000 children were victims of abuse or neglect, a rate comparable to the previousRead More Child Abuse and Neglect1102 Words   |  5 Pageswhat effects abuse can have on a child? The effects abuse can have on a child is very serious. Children can obtain serious problems from child abuse. They can develop social problems, depression, and anxiety. There are four types of abuse: physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect. Physical abuse can injure a child severely. Domestic Violence is a worldwide problem and affects the health and well-being of those open to it. Children that are exposed to physical abuse are at riskRead MoreChild Abuse and Neglect3425 Words   |  14 PagesRunning Head: CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT The Causes of Child Abuse and Neglect and the Long Term Effects on Human Development from Infancy to Adulthood Sheila Y. Boone Liberty University December 10, 2008 Abstract Child abuse and neglect is a prevalent issue in the United States. Every year approximately one million infants, children and adolescents are victims of child abuse and neglect. Research has linked childhood experiences of abuse and neglect with some serious life-long developmental

Indus River Dolphin free essay sample

HIndus river dolphin, bhulan, blind river dolphin, Indus dolphin, side swimming dolphin, Plataniste de lIndus (Fr), Delfin del Indo (Sp) Scientific name: Plantanista minor What are Indus river dolphins? The Indus River dolphin (Platanista minor) is one of the worlds rarest mammals and the second most endangered freshwater river dolphin. The species is characterized by a long beak, rounded belly, stocky body, very small dorsal fin and large flippers. It relies on echolocation (sound sensors) to find fish, shrimp, and other prey in the bottom mud. The Indus River dolphin swims on its side, at times enabling it to move in water as shallow as 30 cm. When it needs to breath, it swims to the surface, rotates upright to take in the air, and then rotates 90 degrees again as it swims back to the bottom. This unique side swimming behaviour is not consistently seen in any other dolphin, except the Ganges River dolphin. We will write a custom essay sample on Indus River Dolphin or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Indus River dolphin weighs 70-110 kg (155-245 lbs). The maximum size is 2. 5m (8. 2 ft), with males smaller than females. Habitat Biogeographic realm Indo-Malayan Range States Pakistan Ecological Region Indus river Delta Rann of Kutch Endemism Indus river system of Pakistan [pic] The current situation. Approximately 1,100 specimens of this species exist today in a small fraction of their former range, the lower reaches of the Indus River in Pakistan. Why becoming endangered? The population of this species has gradually declined because of various factors, including water pollution, poaching, fragmentation of habitat due to barrages, and dolphin strandings in the irrigation canals. What being done for protection? In addition to efforts to conserve their habitat, including addressing problems such as river pollution, WWF staff have also been involved in rescue missions when individual dolphins become trapped in canals. WWF also coordinated the largest survey of the species ever in 2001 in collaboration with partners. WWF-Pakistan assists in a number of education initiatives and has arranged training courses for various institutions. An aerial survey of the species range was conducted in 2003. WWFs objective for freshwater cetaceans is to ensure that habitat degradation, strandings and fisheries bycatch do not threaten freshwater cetaceans.

The relationship between inflation and unemployment in Vietnam Essay Example

The relationship between inflation and unemployment in Vietnam Paper Part I Vietnam s economic growing depend on two chief factors: internal ( the stimulation of economic system export and import ) and external factors ( planetary environment market and Vietnam s fight ) . In general tendency, Vietnam s GDP has gone up from 7,8 % in 2004 to 8.5 % in 2007. But, it merely reached merely 6.2 % ( 2008 ) and 5.3 % in 2009 because of fiscal crisis.[ 2 ] In 2009, Vietnam economic system has a positive alteration: GDP increased over the quarters for all twelvemonth, this increasing is about 5.32 % . In this twelvemonth, the GDP growing despites a lower growing rate of 6.2 % in 2008 but has exceeded 5 % mark set[ 3 ]. We will write a custom essay sample on The relationship between inflation and unemployment in Vietnam specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The relationship between inflation and unemployment in Vietnam specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The relationship between inflation and unemployment in Vietnam specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Vietnam s economic system is divided into three big sector economic system: agribusiness, forestry and piscaries. In 2008 Vietnam exported about 64.8 billion U.S dollars, of which about 32.1 % of export value was the heavy industry and minerals ; 45.2 % was light industry and handcraft ; 32.5 % were agricultural, forestry and piscaries. During that same twelvemonth, the import value reached 60.8 billion dollars, of which the estimated 30.2 % of imports were machinery, equipment, tools of all sorts and 63.7 % were natural stuffs informations, merely 6.1 % for consumer goods. Vietnam s mean income existent GDP per capita has grown quickly since the state launched the Doi Moi Reform, turning at an mean one-year rate of 5.06 per centum between 1986 and 1997 ( pre-Asian Financial crisis ) and at the higher rate of 5.64 per centum between 1997 and 2009 ( Figure 2.1 ) . Vietnam stood out as one of the fastest turning economic systems in the universe during this period leting it to make the lower middle-income group in 2008 when its per capita income exceeded USD 1,000. And it continues to do important advancement since, despite the recent fiscal crisis [ 4 ] The foreign investor considered that Viet Nam is a 2nd absorbing finish next to China in the Asia- Pacific country. FDI capital have an of import portion in National budget and to assist besides Vietnam economic system higher growing in the last few old ages.[ 5 ] In 2010, the economic growing has estimated at 6.5 % . The growing is the fastest in Southeast Asia but it still inferior China, South Korea, Taiwan and Thailand when they were at similar phases of development. But the monetary value could transcend 12 % in the approaching period, bespeaking the hazard of raising rising prices.[ 6 ] In the close hereafter, Vietnam s economic growing advancement will concentrate mostly ability to pull foreign investing and do a alteration in Vietnam s economic competitory ability. Vietnam will hold to travel tete-a-tete with China in pulling increased sums of foreign direct investing. Part II Inflation Inflation is one of the major challenges to Vietnam s economic system. It is besides the ground for slow growing of the province of the economic system of Vietnam. Inflation is understood as the uncontrolled addition in monetary value. It mean the devaluation of Vietnam currency. Because of the fluctuation of the US economic system, the exchange rate between Vietnam dong against US changed a batch within general increasing tendency which is showed in the figure beside[ 7 ]. As a consequence of that, most of company applied USD in their dealing alternatively of Vietnam dong, particularly in export goods. Beside that, several of Vietnamese individual who want to salvage their money in USD. Both of the grounds make the exchange rate kept traveling up and up. The escalation of monetary value make the consumer monetary value index in Vietnam has besides increase as show in figure following to with lift 1,05 % in October, 2010 by higher monetary values of instruction and nutrient sectors.[ 8 ] It is besides make the cost of goods or merchandises grow up. Viet Nam is one of the most state import really much ( 90 % GDP ) , the higher monetary value of fuel, stuff cause the higher monetary value of goods or merchandises. The company will bring forth less and the monetary value of goods maintain increasing. The rising prices in Viet Nam does non halt fluctuation. It comparative low in the mid-2000s and keeps traveling faster in recent old ages. The rising prices over the bound ( 9 % ) . In 2007, the rising prices is the double-digit rising prices. Between 2008s and 2009s was peculiarly terrible with the highest per centum of inflation- about 25 % . The rising prices is traveling down in 2010 ( 7 % ) because of the authorities policy.[ 9 ] On the other manus, the payment on the authorities is one of the biggest grounds, which cause the rising prices. If the authorities wage more money for goods and services, the money they pay is travel straight into the economic system, which cause the higher demand. Examples: The monetary value of rice export in 2007 go up 15 % from 2006 so the demand of rice export go up. At that clip, the supply can non run into the demand because of the catastrophe or another factors. All factors cause the demand -pull rising prices which makes monetary value of goods, merchandises or services grow up.[ 10 ] Viet Nam is a little economic system in the Asia, but Viet Nam makes an impressive by velocity of economic grow. So that is the ground why Viet Nam must pay for their fast and large success. To forestall the rising prices, the authorities should make many thing to forestall the turning of rising prices. They need to command the money they give to the economy-increase the value of money. On the other manus, the authorities must utilize their power to take down monetary value some necessary things such as nutrient or household usage in other to assist the hapless people and do the balance between demand and supply. Part III Unemployment The unemployment rate in Viet nam is a peculiar job. There are some grounds for this issue. It makes demand and supply of labour unequal, in fact, more supply than demand so that unemployed has rosin. What is unemployment? Unemployment is a statement that economic experts use to stand for all of people who in working age and ca nt happen a occupation or the workers who lost their occupation, but they are valuable for work at current pay rates. Unemployment rate is the figure unemployed expressed as a per centum of the labour force. [ 11 ] The statistics below which shows the unemployment rates in the different urban countries in Viet Nam signifier 1996 to 2008[ 12 ]: The highest rate was about 7 % of Vietnams population in 1998, and the general tendency went up from 1996 1998 and so went down 1999- 2008, except 2009. Most of unemployees are in the large metropolis and major economic country like Ha Noi, Ho Chi Minh metropolis, Da Nang or Dong Nai states. % First, Vietnams population growing has reached 86 million people ( 2009 )[ 13 ], the 6th in Southeast Asia, and besides extremely increase in one-year. Its about 50 % of population are in working ages. It makes the socioeconomic development and making new occupations ever under the force per unit area. Most of Vietnamese workers graduated high school merely. The others who finished college or university with ill qualified to work, or low at proficient accomplishments because Vietnamese instruction system and preparation system has many problems.w Year Population ( million ) Number of people in working age ( million ) 2005 82.4 42.8 2006 83.3 44.0 2007 84.2 45.2 2008 85.1 46.5 2009 86.0 47.7 Figure 2: The relationship between Vietnams population and labour force. Second, the unsuitable population imbalance arrange among vary countries and concern lines.[ 14 ]Most of the immigrant are form the rural countries. They move to lives in the large metropolis where placed tonss of industrial Parkss. It makes the urban population is acquiring crowed. So on, the unemployment rate are ever high. The competition between the houses are the 3rd cause for unemployment. They had competed together in many concern field, particularly in engineering. Therefore, the little 1s will shut down. On the other manus, 1000 of mill has reduced its employees because of planetary economic sciences diminution and the fiscal crisis in 2008. The company can non sell or export their goods and services. Some of them has to halt working and the workers lose their occupation. As a consequence of that, the figure of unemployed workers maintain traveling up. Part IV THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INFLATION AND UNEMPLOYMENT The same with many states all over the universe, Vietnam s Economy besides has the rising prices and unemployment. The unemployment and rising prices have the stopping point relationship with the sensible rising prices rates can do diminish the unemployment rates and advance the economic growing. The Viet Nam economic system was the same with what the Phillips curve show about. In the short tally, when the rising prices rate was low, the rate of unemployment was high and when the rising prices rate was high, the unemployment rate was low. In 2003, Vietnam GDP was less than 7 % with the rising prices rate was 3 % and the unemployment rate was 7 %[ 15 ]. The Government wanted to diminish the unemployment rate around 5 % , so the Government used the pecuniary policy by pouring out the money into the economic system. It increased the money supply and decreased the involvement rates. As a consequence, people were easy to borrow money from the bank because it was inexpensive. The concerns had a batch of alterations to increase their concerns ; they wanted to put more and more ; they hired more people to work for. Therefore, in 2004 the unemployment rate began to travel down approximately 5,6 %[ 16 ], it besides made the GDP increased and reached 8,48 % while the rising prices rate went significantly up about 9,5 %[ 17 ]. We can evidently see in the chart below: EMBED Excel.Chart.8 s

The Gates Of Hell Essay Example

The Gates Of Hell Essay Albert Einstein once said; True art is characterized by an irresistible urge in the creative artist (Art). This quote can define many artists over time, especially Auguste Rodin. Rodin was an incredibly talented sculptor of the nineteenth century. He created many well known pieces including The Thinker and The Kiss. Rodin was also commissioned to create The Gates of Hell in 1880. The Gates were one of Rodins most ambitious pieces. After twenty years of hard work, it was still not complete, but Rodin was finished. The Gates of Hell stand approximately twenty one feet high and are emotionally enveloping. The intensity and emotion that Rodin created within The Gates is one that shows what life is like after death. Rodin was born in 1840 in Paris.At the age of fourteen he was enrolled in the government Ecole Speciale de Dessin et de Mathematiques, a school for French industrial workers. Rodin applied to the famous Ecole des Beaux-Arts three times but was never accepted. He began working as a decorative sculptor after he graduated in 1857. As an assistant to Frances premier sculptor Belleuse, Rodin learned many skills. In 1875 Rodin visited Italy to study the work of Michelangelo.He was infatuated with Michelangelos unfinished sculptures; how the figures and their emotions seemed to emerge from the block. These ideas captured Rodins interests and were later applied to his work. Rodin returned to Paris two years later to exhibit his Age of Bronze sculpture. It was incredibly lifelike in that every muscle and movement of the body was captured. He was thrown into the spotlight, being falsely accused of casting a live model instead of creating his own work. On the other hand, there were people who loved the work by Rodin and were excited to see what else he would create.

Free Your Inner Thinker Essays - Truth, Atheism, Agnosticism

Free Your Inner Thinker Essays - Truth, Atheism, Agnosticism Free Your Inner Thinker Free Your Inner Thinker Organized religions are laden with the debris of archaic, superstitious images. Everywhere people go they are submerged in biblical ignorance, religious illiteracy and historical stupidity (Edelen, The 10 Commandments). People are surrounded by cultic codes and images at every turn. This must stop! One organization that is taking a stand is called The Freedom From Religion Foundation. It is most commonly referred to as free thought. A freethinker is a person who forms opinions and beliefs on the basis of reason, independent of tradition, authority, or established belief (Barker). Freethinkers love to learn new ideas and are not satisfied with what is already known. Thus, all members must be free from the conformity of a bible, creed, or messiah. They must be allowed to think for themselves, rather than blindly follow tradition or cosmic absolutes. Freethinkers believe the truth and choose not to follow the lies and superstitions that are, inevitably, part of religion. Common mythological themes are saturated through out the bible, from the creation and flood myth to virgin birth and hero resurrection (Edelen, The Sin). Unlike conventional religions, Freethinkers beliefs are based on reality and reason. As defined in Nontract #11, What is a Freethinker, Reality is limited to that which is directly perceivable though our natural senses or indirectly ascertained through the proper use of reason (Barker). For an idea or belief to be considered true it must be testable, falsifiable, parsimonious, and logical. Every belief a freethinker has must have evidence or experiments to confirm it; all attempts to disprove it must repeatedly fail, require little to no assumptions, and be free from contradictions and character attacks (Barker). Freethinkers use the thinking part of there brain to understand the universe. Many people who dont understand free thought think that freethinkers lack morals. The morality of a freethinker can be summed up in one word, kindness. Morality is not a bunch of dos and donts but, instead, is based on human needs (Barker). Freethinkers try to be good and fair to everyone. They believe that all human beings should live in peace no matter what their race, sex, religion, what they think, who they love, or where they come from. They do their best to protect the earth and all its creatures. Religion promotes dangerous and inadequate morality based on blind obedience, rather than a careful use of reason to weigh the possible outcomes when faced with a moral dilemma (Barker). The most common philoshical question pondered is whether there is a meaning of life. Freethinkers know that the meaning of life must originate in the mind. Since the universe is mindless and the cosmos do not care, if you wish to have a purpose, YOU must care (Barker). Not all freethinkers believe in a meaning of life, as with all beliefs, individuals are free to accept or discard it. Where as many freethinker choose to believe there is no divine plan, most freethinkers find meaning in life. They find meaning in human compassion, social progress, the beauty of humanity, personal happiness, pleasure, joy, love, and the advancement of knowledge (Barker). Unlike convention religions, free thought requires an explanation rather than a designer to explain the complexity of life. One such explanation is Darwins theory of evolution along with natural selection. Freethinkers do not believe in a divine designer because the complexity of such a creature would be subject to the same scrutiny itself (Barker). Freethinkers also believe that religion is not only useless but also harmful. Historically, religion has always produced violence (Edelen Religion). From Moses to the Crusades, Henry VIII, Salem, Hitler, Kosovo. Edelen writes, it is the countries with out religion that are the least violent (Religion). He also stated in the same article that, America is the most religious of all industrialized nations, and yet is the most violent nation in the world. Many of the worlds most gruesome leaders believed they were performing gods work. Hitler himself wrote, I am completely convinced that I am acting as the agent of god. I am now a Catholic and will always remain so, in Mein Kampf (qtd in Edelen, Religion). Freethinkers do not believe that all religious people are

The Impact of Slavery on British Colonialism. (The Atlantic slave Term Paper

The Impact of Slavery on British Colonialism. (The Atlantic slave trade) - Term Paper Example The treatment the slaves received during this time in history cannot be compared to any other type of annihilation on human beings and culture. The New world consisted of north, central and south America. The Atlantic slave trade began as a trade between the Old World and the New World in the Americas began to increase. As technology on European ships, became greater and gave ships a better ability to travel through the rough waters of the Atlantic Ocean. A process of triangular trade started to occur. The first portion of the triangle would be from transporting the goods from Europe to Africa in order to purchase slaves2. The second would be the trade of slaves from Africa to the Americas. The third portion of the triangle would be the final goods being exported from the Americas to Europe. This triangle of trade is the system that was used throughout the bulk of the Atlantic slave trade era. Europeans believed the use of slaves would help fix their labor shortage problem3. They ove rworked the natives of the New World, and many would die from being run into the ground or from diseases. The Europeans labor supply in the New World was dwindling and so their solution to their immediate problem was to import labor from Africa in order to expand their production and wealth. The Atlantic slave trade became a vital part in the Industrial Revolution. Portugal was the first European country to participate in slave trading. Other European countries that were participating in slave trading were England, France, Spain and the Netherlands as well as the United States from across the Atlantic Ocean4. These nations would purchase slaves from African community leaders, and they would pick them up from outposts that were created for the purpose of the slave trade on the western coast of Africa where the slaves were taken from the central and Western parts of the continent. They would then be boarded onto ships like cargo and were transferred to the Americas cheaply and quickly . The slaves then became the legal property of the proprietor and could be sold at the market; much like material goods or services5. It has been estimated that the number of slaves brought across the Atlantic Ocean amounts to 12 million individuals with about a million individuals dying during cargo ship transportation. The highest number of immigrants from the Old World into the New World, actual numbers of slaves procured from slave traders has accounted to be much higher. The racism we see today towards individuals of African descent stemmed from the slavery they were subjected to6. Human beings would be on equals otherwise, as are all born as such. Walter Rodney’s perspective on racism states that "Above all, it was the institution of slavery in the Americas which ultimately conditioned racial attitudes, even when their more immediate derivation was the literature on Africa or contacts within Europe itself. It has been well attested that New World slave - plantation soci ety was the laboratory of modern racism. The owners contempt for and fear of the black slaves was expressed in religious, scientific and philosophical terms, which became the stock attitudes of European and even Africans in subsequent generations7. Although before and after the slave trade era there had been contributions to the racist philosophy, the historical experience of blacks being enslaved by the whites for four centuries established the tie between racist and color prejudice, and created individual racists, as well as

The Changing Role of Probation Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Changing Role of Probation - Coursework Example However, in case a juvenile delinquent is confined in a detention center, he or she loses all sorts of teenage formalities. Additionally, teenagers encounter challenges while catching up with their education after they are released from detention centers. They deem it nonessential to go back to school. As such, it is true that GPS trackers play a vital role with regard to allowing teens to participate in normal life activities freely (Hess & Orthmann, 2011). On the contrary, various concerns have been raised about the effects GPS tracking devices on the offender’s privacy rights. Some experts stipulate that the GPS tracking technology creates a situation where the offender’s home serves as his prison. However, others fear that prevalent use of GPS tracking systems could result to a society there government authorities strictly monitor the movement of the citizens. However, these concerns are rarely discussed because GPS tracking is imposed with full consent of the participant. Therefore, it is true that GPS devices to not violate privacy rights of juvenile delinquents (Hess & Orthmann,

Human society Essay Example for Free

Human society Essay Human society, as we know it, is becoming lazy and antisocial. Its pretty much useless to deny it. Compare us to fifty years ago, and you will find weve let ourselves go. Compare us to a hundred years ago, and youll realize weve morphed into beanbags with brains. In the 1890s they got by fine without even using cars. Or credit cards, for that matter. Of course, they couldnt show skin at the beach, but thats another matter. Take the Segway scooter for instance. For those of you not in the know, its a slow, ugly, two-wheeled, battery-powered (ooh ahh), upside-down coffee table, with some junk in it that makes it impossible to fall off of (in case all that standing gets the best of you). It was designed for city use (like that god awful 1/8 mile from your work to the doughnut shop), and has no other practical use except possibly as a coat hanger/umbrella rack. 45 klicks, top. Can run about 200 kilometers on a battery. Offers little or no protection against cars, which is a moot point because its nowhere close to being street legal. All you have to do is stand. In other words, its a big wheelchair for the able where you dont have to move your arms, legs, or even eyelids for that matter. Makes walking obsolete. Pretty lame invention for 5000 bucks a pop, huh? Here comes the scary part. This Yuppie-Mobile is being hailed as something that will revolutionize the way we travel. Scientists are calling it an engineering masterpiece. The website is taking advance orders because the things are going quicker than they can make them. And very few of these people are actually in need of these services. No, friends, its pure laziness. Next on the chopping block those insta-gas keys at gas stations. Such a stupid idea makes the Segway Scooter look like Edisons light bulb. Im sure you know what Im talking about, but if you dont heres a run-down: For a small fee (your soul), you can get a little key-type deal with a gas station logo on it mailed to you (along with about a million pieces of junk mail). Although they look like toddler toys, they actually hold a lot of fat-gaining power for the modern lazy yuppie. Imagine, if you will, life before the Key. Imagine the horror of actually having to labour out of your heated SUV and talking to a low-life gas pump. Imagine social interaction. Imagine returning to find your (instant) coffee slightly less warm. Before the Key, all of these things were, in all their horror, a reality. Now, you can just beep the key in front of the reader, pump your gas, and get a friendly greeting from the meter such as have a nice day. Nothing puts you in a good mood like being complimented by an LCD screen. The gas is charged to the credit card or other easy pay billings system. Again, these mechanisms have alarming popularity. Shell introduced them to their gas stations about a year and a half ago, and now you would be hard-pressed to find a gas station that doesnt have some form of instant-payment tool. Even the mom and pop stations are getting in on the fad. Only theirs involves paying 25 dollars for a rock, and proceeding to throw it at the pump when the gas is pumped. Gas pump deaths are at an all-time high. Just kidding, kids. Perhaps the most disgusting example of lethargy comes from the same people who bring you Enforma Diet Pills (for those too `busy to diet. Damn slobs). I am talking about none other than the queen of the late-night infomercials, the talk of the trailer park, the (drum roll please) AbTronic. This is their angle: The AbTronic(TM) is so effortless that you can be watching your favourite television program, reading a book or even cooking dinner while getting your body into the shape you want it[1][1]. Pathetic. Absolutely pathetic. I cant even begin to tell you whats wrong with this one. You apparently dont even need to go to a gym anymore to get `rock-hard abs. Sure, youll be porky in other places, but your abdominal muscles will be `rock-hard. And ab muscles are enough for the modern ultra-lazy consumer. Who cares that this device has uncertain long-term effects? Who cares if it doesnt work half as well as ordinary sit-ups[2][2]? Who cares? Its easy, its expensive, and thats good enough for the average American consumer. The scary thing is, unlike most infomercial products, the demographic this product is reaching extends far beyond the crackhouses and backwoods. American teens from all walks of life are throwing out their gym memberships for a shot at insta-abs. The decline of civilization at its lowest. Of course, I could be wrong. Maybe these innovations are for the better. Who knows what can be accomplished with the increased amounts of free time? Maybe the time saved by these devices could be put towards creating world peace. Or forming a perfect system of government. Or inventing life saving devices. Yeah right. _______________________ [3][1] Store.yahoo.com/wonderfullbuys/abtronic.html . The wonderfullbuys site is actually a haven of lazy-person tools. If this kind of stuff floats your boat, I recommend it. [4][2] [5]www.streetcents.cbc.ca. Great consumer review site. [image001.jpg] The Segway: Motorized Stupidity [image002.jpg] The AbTronic: The Pinnacle of human idiocy References Visible links 1. file://localhost/var/home/acumen/svn/trunk/engine/docs/working/11538/11538.html#_edn1 2. file://localhost/var/home/acumen/svn/trunk/engine/docs/working/11538/11538.html#_edn2 3. file://localhost/var/home/acumen/svn/trunk/engine/docs/working/11538/11538.html#_ednref1 4. file://localhost/var/home/acumen/svn/trunk/engine/docs/working/11538/11538.html#_ednref2 5. http://www.streetcents.cbc.ca/ Hidden links: 6. http://www.coursework.info/

Measuring Partition Coefficient

Measuring Partition Coefficient Abstract This Laboratory study deals with the Analytical Procedure of the Measurement of Partition Coefficient. Partition Coefficient is a very important criterion for Organic substances. It finds use in Pharmaceutical Industry, Pollution abatement systems, Agro Chemicals, and Chemical Industry. There are many methods available for determining the Partition Coefficient, especially Instrument methods like, Chromatography, Electrophoresis etc. The method adopted here is a simple, reliable and versatile one, which utilizes basic principles of Chemical Analysis. The method used was by measurement of pH and Colorimetric determination of the organic Ligand. The process used for partitioning was à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Shaking Flask methodà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The given sample was diluted and buffered appropriately and an aliquot was partitioned with an equal quantity of the given oil. The pH of the aqueous phase was measured. The clear aqueous solution was further diluted appropriately and used for Colorimetric estimation using a Calibration graph prepared. These data were used for computation of apparent Partition coefficient and then true Partition coefficient. Measuring Partition Coefficient Chemistry is a material Science, dealing with the study of Physical and Chemical properties of the matter found in the universe. There are many disciplines in Chemistry dealing with different materials and properties, like Inorganic Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry etc. The Analytical Chemistry is a special branch of Chemistry dealing with the determination of Chemicals, quantity wise and quality wise. The Analytical Chemistry uses the knowledge available in other branches of Chemistry, like Inorganic Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, and many principles of Physics. The uses and applications of Analytical Chemistry are wide, and practically, in every aspects of human life, analytical Chemistry is involved in some way or other, say, in Clinical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Forensic Chemistry, in commerce, in Customs Department and so on. The measurement of Partition Coefficient is a typical analyti cal procedure using many theoretical principles of various branches of Chemistry. It denotes the differential amounts of the substances found at equilibrium conditions in the organic phase and the aqueous phase for a set of conditions like Concentration, pH, Temperature etc. This Lab study aims at and involves, in addition to learning partitioning technique, Electro Chemical application the pH measurement, colorimetric measurement, computational techniques, and Calculation procedures. The partition coefficient study assumes significance, because it finds use in Pharmaceutical Chemistry for drug design, development, and delivery, Pesticide design, soil Chemistry, designing of Chemical Plants by Chemical Engineers, and also for Chemists and Scientists working on Liquid Liquid Equilibrium data. METHODS Sample preparation: Sodium salicylate solution of 0.2 gram mol per liter (mol) was taken for this study. From this stock standard solution four Test samples, named A to D, were prepared. 10 ml of 0.2 mol standard solution was pipetted into each of the four 100 ml volumetric flasks marked A to D and diluted to the mark with four buffer solutions of different pH, and mixed thoroughly. So the concentration of the resultant diluted samples was 0.02 mol each. Partitioning: Aliquots of 25 ml of the above diluted samples, 4 Nos, were taken in 4 separating funnels. Then, 25 ml of the given oil was added in each of the 4 separating funnels, marked A to D, and mixed thoroughly and gently by inverting and rotating for 10 minutes. Then the mixture in the separating funnels were allowed to settle thoroughly. After the aqueous and organic layers became clear, the aqueous layers of the four separating funnels were drained into four glass beakers marked A to D. pH measurement of aqueous phase : The pH of the four partitioned aqueous samples were measured using a pH meter. Determination of Salicylate concentration in the Aqueous phase: For determining the Salicylate concentration, Colorimetric method was adopted where the absorbance of the Iron- Salicylate complex was measured. The procedure adopted for developing the standard and test samples is given below. Preparation of Standard color Solutions: Four different Standard solutions of Sodium Salicylate, namely, 0.00125mol, 0.0025 mol, 0.00375 mol and 0.005mol were prepared along with a blank. Five test tubes were taken. The first one was marked as 1 (Blank), and the others as 2,3,4, and 5. To the blank, 1 ml of water was added, and in the others, one ml each of the prepared standards were added. Then 2 ml of the given Ferric Nitrate was added to all the test tubes. Then 5 ml of water was added into all the five test tubes. All the test tubes were shaken gently to mix the contents thoroughly and waited for some time for the complete development of the color. The five solutions represented 0.0000 mol, 0.00125mol, 0.0025 mol, and 0.00375 mol and 0.005mol Salicylic acid concentration respectively. Preparation of Calibration Graph: The Colorimeter (Spectrophotometer) was set at the wave length of 624 nm. Placed the blank in the cuvete in the colorimeter and adjusted the absorbance as zero. Then the other standard solutions were placed one by one and noted the absorbance readings. Calibration Graph was plotted, plotting concentration of salicylic acid in X axis and Absorbance at the y axis. Preparation of Test samples: 10 ml of each of the four Partitioned aqueous layers were diluted with water to 50 ml, thus making a diluted sample. From these, 1 ml solution each were placed in four test tubes, marked A, B, C, D. Then, 2 ml ferric Nitrate and 5 ml water were added in all the four test tubes and treated similar to the Standard tubes. Measurement of Salicylic acid concentration of the test samples: The absorbance of all the four test samples were measured similar to the standards. The Salicylic acid concentration of the test samples were arrived from the Calibration graph. The concentration arrived was of the diluted samples. So the concentration of the partitioned aqueous phase was multiplied 5 times to get the concentration of the salicylic acid. This gives the Cw , i.e., the concentration of the salicylic acid in the partitioned aqueous solution. Determination of CO: The Cw was subtracted from the concentration of the buffered solution, i.e., 0.02 mol, to get the CO. Determination of Hydrogen Ion concentration: From the pH of the four partitioned aqueous solutions, Hydrogen Ion concentrations were calculated. CALCULATIONS Step 1. Calculation of H+ and 1/H+ from the pH Model calculation for Experiment A; pH = 2.35. pH is the negative logarithm to base 10 of Hydrogen ion concentration. So Hydrogen ion concentration is the antilog of 2.35= 0.00447 Reciprocal of Hydrogen ion concentration = 1/H+ =1/0.00447 = 223.9 Similarly H+ and 1/H+ are calculated for other experiments and tabulated below. Experiment pH of the buffer added Resultant pH [H+] 1 / [H+] A 2.0 2.35 0.00447 223.9 B 2.8 3.22 0.000603 1660 C 3.3 3.85 0.000141 7079 D 4.0 4.02 0.0000955 10471 Step 2a. Calculation of the concentration of salicylate added to each separating funnel: The salicylic acid concentration of the sample taken = 0.2 gm. mol/Liter. 10 ml of this solution was diluted with buffer to 100 ml. So the concentration of the diluted solutions, added to each separating funnel, taken for the Partition experiment were 0.210/100 = 0.02 gm mol/L each. Step 2b. Calculation of Cw and Co: The partitioned concentration of salicylic acid in water and oil, denoted by [S (aq)] and [S (org)] are Cw and Co in the formula respectively. 25 ml of the Solution A ( 0.02 gm mol Sodium Salicylate, buffered with buffer of 2.0 pH) was partitioned with 25 ml of oil. After separation of the phases, the pH was measured in the aqueous phase. Then the aqueous phase was diluted five fold for colorimetric estimation. The absorbance obtained for experiment A was 0.065 and the corresponding concentration obtained for experiment A from the calibration graph = 0.00054. So the concentration of this undiluted Partitioned aqueous solution, [S(aq)] , is five times of the value determined calorimetrically = 0.00054x 5 = 0.0027. This is CW The concentration of salicylic acid in the organic phase is the concentration of the diluted solution taken for the Partition experiment, minus concentration of the undiluted Partitioned aqueous solution, i.e. CO = (0.02- CW) = (0.02 -0.0027) = 0.0173gm mol/L. Apparent partition coefficient P = CO / CW = 0.0173/0.0027 = 6.4 1/P = 1/6.4=0.156 CW, CO, P and 1/P for other experiments were also calculated like wise and tabulated below. The calibration graph of this study is attached separately. Exp Absorbance Salicylate Concentration in aqueous phase of the diluted aliquot, from calibration Graph Salicylate Concentration in aqueous phase the undiluted aliquot, CW i.e. ([S(aq)] ) Salicylate Concentration in Organic phase CO i.e. ([S(org)] ) = 0.02- S(aq) A 0.065 0.00054 0.0027 0.0173 B 0.138 0.00116 0.0058 0.0142 C 0.221 0.00218 0.0109 0.0091 D 0.267 0.0025 0.0125 0.0075 Calculation of P and 1/P Exp [S(aq)] i.e. CW [S(org)] i.e. CO P = (CO / CW ) 1/P A 0.0027 0.0173 6.4 0.156 B 0.0058 0.0142 2.45 0.408 C 0.0109 0.0091 0.83 1.200 D 0.0125 0.0075 0.6 1.667 Step 3. Preparation of 1/H+ vs. 1/P Graph and Calculation of P and Ka: A graph was plotted with 1/H+ in X axis and 1/P in Y axis. The slope, Ka/P was estimated from the graph = 0.0001518. The intercept, 1/P, was at 0.13, and hence, P = 1/0.13 = 7.69. Ka = (Ka/P) x P = 0.0001518 x 7.69 = 0.001167; pKa = log of 0.001167 = 2.93 DISCUSSION The study results show a definite trend of higher ingress of the organic acid, i.e., Salicylic acid, into the organic layer at a lower pH and vice versa. This is in accordance with the theory, which implies, at a lower pH, the H+ ion concentration will be higher, which will in effect enhance association of the ions, R- + H+ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ RH, to form unionized molecule that can enter the organic phase. So the unionized acid will be predominantly in the organic layer. At higher pH, the H+ ions will be low and there will be the tendency of the acid to ionize in the aqueous phase, RH à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ R- + H+ , thus preventing the acid to enter the organic phase. So the ionized acid ion will be predominantly in the aqueous layer. This is established in this experiment; CO, the concentration of salicylic acid in organic phase is highest, 0.0173mol, in Experiment A, where the pH is the lowest, 2.35 ; and lowest, 0.0075 mol, in Experiment D where the pH is the highest ,4.02. Consequ ently the Apparent Partition coefficient P which is the ratio of CO / CW is highest in Experiment A and lowest in Experiment D. This shows, the pH of the solutions affect the partitioning. The accuracy of the study depends both on the accuracy of pH measurement and the measurement of absorbance. The linearity of the graph- 1/H+ vs. 1/P depends on both the measurements. But the curve was not perfectly linear as expected. The potential sources of errors . While carrying out the Chemical Analysis, one has to be aware of the potential sources of errors. Alexeyev (p 48) classifies the errors in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Quantitative Analysisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  as Systematic errors, random errors and mistakes. The systematic errors are: errors of the method, errors of apparatus reagents, and Operative errors. Random errors do happen during any analysis and one has to be vigilant and careful to avoid them. Mistakes are crude errors caused by careless noting of the readings in the instruments, parallax error, improper labeling of the various test samples ending with confusion while tabulating the readings etc. The possible systematic errors in this study are: errors of the method, say non uniform pH among the four test in the colorimetric estimation. Lyalikov.Y (p 40) warns, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“many colored compounds are sensitive to Hydrogen Ion concentrationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Changes in pH not only affects extinction, but change spectrophotometer curve of the substance as wellà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Lyalikov.Y (41). The calibration curve obtained is not straight as expected, showing the colored complex did not obey Beer Lambert Law, which states, absorbance is proportional to molar extinction coefficient, ÃŽÂ µ, depth of the solution layer, L, and concentration, C. (A=ÃŽÂ µ x L x C). It was expected at least to be a smooth curve of a definite pattern . But the curve is not very smooth indicating some error, may be varying final pH of the colored solutions. Possible errors of apparatus: leaking separating funnel. Possible errors of reagents: accuracy of the buffers. Operative errors: Possible non uniform mixing during partitioning, incorrect and non uniform draining from pipettes. It was expected that the curves of Calibration graph and that of 1/H+ vs. 1/P to be straight lines. But they are not straight as expected. The reason may be due to some or a combination of the above cited errors. Comparison of the result with Literature : The literature value for Ka of salicylic acid as given by Harris, Daniel. C. (p 183) is Ka = 1.07 x 10 ¯3. The result obtained in this Lab study is 0.001167. This is higher than the value reported in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Quantitative Chemical Analysisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  by about 9% The phenomenon of partitioning: The chemical substances exhibit different solubility in different solvents. Solvents may be classified into two groups, Aqueous and Non aqueous, in other words polar and non polar. Similarly the chemicals may be classified as Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic. Hydrophobic substances can also be termed as Lipophilic. A hydrophilic substance will easily dissolve in an aqueous solvent and a hydrophobic (Lipophilic) substance will easily dissolve in non aqueous (Organic) solvent. If a substance is in contact with both the Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Solvents, the substance will get distributed in both the solvents and the proportion of distribution will be according to the nature of the substance with respect to its Hydrophilic or hydrophobic nature and this property is termed as the Partition coefficient. Partition coefficient finds application in Pharmaceutical industry, agrochemical Industry, Pollution studies and for designing of Chemical Process by Chemical Engineers. Drugs are meant to be ingressed into human body. The partition coefficient finds use in drug design, as it is a measure of the hydrophobicity of the drug concerned. If the partition coefficient is high, it denotes high hydrophobicity ( high lipophilicity) and such a drug will easily enter the lipid regions of the organs and stay for longer time and hence may prove toxic. On the other hand a low Partition coefficient denotes a hydrophilic nature and hence the drug will stay longer in the aqueous regions blood stream and will not readily ingress into the tissues. So the absorption, excretion and penetration of the drugs into the body organs are related to the Log P value of a drug. An intermediate Partition coefficient is preferred while designing the drugs by the Pharmacologists. Earll. Mark enumerates the optimum Partition Coefficient, as Log P, for different types of drug applications. Optimum CNS penetration around Log P = 2 +/- 0.7 (Hansch) Optimum Oral absorption around Log P = 1.8 Optimum Intestinal absorption Log P =1.35 Optimum Colonic absorption Log P = 1.32 Optimum Sub lingual absorption Log P = 5.5 Optimum Percutaneous Log P = 2.6 ( low mw) The drug has to be designed accordingly for each of the application. The Formulation and dosing forms, as given by Earll. Mark: Low Log P (below 0) Injectable Medium (0-3) Oral High (3-4) Transdermal Very High (4-7) Toxic build up in fatty tissues The drug has to go into human body through different routes, say, mouth, skin, Blood etc all having different pH. So the drug has to be designed taking into consideration of the effect of pH. Mark Earll gives the pH of the various parts of the body: Stomach 2, Kidneys 4.2 (variable), Small Intestine: Fed 5.0 Fasted 6.8, Duodenal Mucus 5.5, Plasma 7.4. According to Chemie.DE information service GMBH, The Hydrophobic drugs are preferentially distributed to hydrophobic compartments such as lipid bilayers of cells while hydrophilic drugs preferentially are found in hydrophilic compartments such as blood serum. The Partition coefficient of the drug determines the Absorption. Distribution, Metabolism and excretion of the drugs. When a drug is admitted orally, it passes through the alimentary canal and has to be absorbed through the lipid layers of the epithelial membrane of the small intestine. So the drug should be sufficiently Lipophilic as to pass through the lipid layers. At the same time it should not be too lipophilic, otherwise, it will stay permanently in the epithelial calls and will not enter the blood stream for transport to the required location. Similarly the drug has to be metabolized and excreted after its function is over. This also depends on the Hydrophobicity. Similarly the other forms of drug administration are also need to be studied in this aspect. So control of the Hydrophobicity (lipophilicity) while developing the drug is important. Here is the use of Partition coefficient measurement, which is a measure of the hydrophobicity. Partition coefficients find use in designing pesticides. One has to design the insecticide in such a way it has got a very high partition coefficient , i.e. , having high hydrophobicity, rather high lipophilic tendency, so that the insecticide easily penetrates into the organisms and stay permanently causing high toxicity, thus proving its efficacy in killing the pests. But, the adverse consequence is, the pollution aspect, vide Chemie.DE information service GMBH. In partition studies, Octanol/ water system is normally used. Earll. Mark states, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Octanol was chosen as a simple model of a phospholipid membrane; however it has shown serious shortcomings in predicting Blood-brain barrier or skin penetrationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Berthold says, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The most needed liquid- liquid partition coefficient is the octanol-water partition coefficient. Ko/w is accepted as a good reference parameter for solute hydrophobicity. Indeed, Ko/w can be rapidly estimated using capillary electrophoresis with a micellar or micro emulsion solution and/or RPLCà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Leahy, Taylor and Wait of ICI have proposed, in addition to octanol, chloroform, cyclohexane and propylene glycol dipelargonate (PGDP) for modeling biological membranes, notes Earll. Mark. For determining the Partition Coefficient, there are many other Instrumental methods, like, HPLC. Paper Chromatography, Thin layer chromatography and Electrophoresis. Berthod. A and Carda-Broch. S. enumerates the various analytical Techniques. They are: Shake-flask method, HPLC method, Micro emulsion electro kinetic capillary electrophoresis, Counter-current chromatography (CCC), Co current CCC, Micellar electro kinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC), Micro emulsion electro kinetic capillary chromatography (MEEKC) References Alexeyev, V. (1969). Quantitative Analysis. Moscow: Mir Publishers. Berthod.A, Carda-Broch.S (2004) Determination of liquid-liquid partition coefficients by separation methods. Journal of Chromatography A, 1037 3-14 Chemie.DE information service. GMBH. Encyclopedia of Chemistry, Partition coefficient, Retrieved January 28, 2010, from http://www.chemie.de/lexikon/e/Partition_coefficient Earll, Mark. A guide to Log P and pKa measurements and their use. Retrieved January 28, 2010, from www.raell.demon.co.uk/chem/logp/logppka.htm Harris, Daniel C. Quantitative Chemical Analysis. Google Books. Lyalikov, Y. (1968). Physicochemical Analysis. Moscow: Mir Publishers.

A contrast between opposing values in Hard Times Essay

The first incident that involves the circus and circus people that I would like to talk about, and that clearly demonstrates the contrast between opposing values is on page 34 onwards. Mr Gradgrind, the absolute pinnacle of fact in the book, goes to visit the Circus people to tell them that the fanciful Sissy Jupe can no longer attend the school. I have chosen this incident as it involves more of the circus characters than really at any other time, secondly the description of the circus shows just how far from the world and values of fact it is. The circus is the best symbol for representing the alternative to all that is fact in the book; the circus is seen as a world of mystery and wonder almost of magic and idea that completely goes against the idea of facts. Gradgrind and Bounderby go to see Sissy’s father only to find out he has abandoned his daughter, it is then that Mr Gradgrind decides on the possibility of taking Sissy to his own home, and educating her in the ways of fact from there. Mr Bounderby and Mr Gradgrind get together during this time and have a conference of opinions based upon the fact and laws they have always followed, Gradgrind being softer at heart but still the fact machine at this point wants to take Sissy home, but Gradgrind can be heard to be saying â€Å"No. I say no. I advise you not. I say by no means.† He does this as he is the metaphor for fact throughout the book and to take someone else’s child on as your own and teach them the ways of fact, when she has been living the life of fancy for many years seems absurd to Bounderby. However, at the same time that Gradgrind is having a debate about the matter with Bounderby, â€Å"†¦the various members of Sleary’s company gradually gathered together from the upper regions†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The circus people are described in this chapter as being â€Å"†¦remarkable gentleness and childishness about these people, a special inaptitude for any kind of sharp practice, and an untiring readiness to help and pity one another, deserving often as much respect, and always as much generous construction, as the every-day virtues of any class of people in the world.† Unlike the likes of Bounderby and Gradgrind, who cannot be described as emotional or passionate or anything of the sort just â€Å"plain hard facts† Sleary in this chapter is the real philosopher on the ideas of fancy he even says it â€Å"†¦I lay down the philothophy of the thubject when thay to you, Thquire, make the betht of uth: not the wurtht!† This chapter clearly show the contrast between opposing views and values in Hard Times, the circus shows a whole new world but is representative of a whole new set of values the ideas of fancy are represented in the themes and scenes with the circus. The thing is with the circus is that it has almost dreamlike status things happen there that cannot happen anywhere else and it appears to be an almost illusion, for example â€Å"The father of one of the families was in the habit of balancing the father of another of the families on top of a great pole.† These are the things that you would only expect to see in dreams and so therefore it is fanciful, a complete contrast to the ideas of fact displayed throughout the rest of Hard Times. A good example of how far opposed to the ideas of fact the circus is takes place on page 12 and 13 when, Mr Gradgrind the keeper of facts and bringer of knowledge to Thomas and Louisa Gradgrind’s lives, catches them sat watching the circus people, he takes the view that the circus was bad news, as it opposes everything he stands for â€Å"Now to think of these vagabonds attracting the young rabble from a model school.† He sees the idea of the circus so fanciful and alien to him, he feels that to watch a circus act would be to debase himself or a well-educated child. It even says â€Å"his own mathematical Thomas abasing himself on the ground to catch but a hoof of the graceful equestrian Tyrolean flower act!† This sentence shows what the opposing values are fully in Hard Times, it is obvious from the statement that anything mathematical or just plain practical is in direct opposition to the fanciful nature of flower shows and the like. Thomas when caught does not even protest but knows that to obey his father’s principles he must â€Å"[give] himself up to be taken home like a machine.† That is clearly the way of fact to be machine like, and that is why the circus is such a good opposition and symbol of everything fact isn’t, Gradgrind condemns circus like ideals when he says â€Å"In the name of wonder, idleness and folly!† apparently to dream or to be imaginative is lazy in Gradgrind’s books. Which is why the factual way in which Gradgrind has based his life upon is so offended by the ideas of fancy as he doesn’t like the thought of being considered as being not lazy but that there can be other ways to work hard in life. Gradgrind is so full of the idea that facts are right, that he even questions and believes that with all these thoughts at the disposal they could make the wrong decision, when surely it isn’t a case of right and wrong? Just opposing views and they do oppose each other! Gradgrind does say though â€Å"Thomas though I have the facts before me I find it difficult to believe that you with your education and resources should have brought your sister to a scene like this.† This makes it seem as though education is supposed to kill the imagination, which clearly conflicts with the views of the circus, which believe that you should work hard and perform in life, but never let the dreams die.

Scientific Method and Life.in Short Science

Do you know what is science? Generally, science is a body that seeks to organize knowledge systematically and in a way that is testable and that allow the process of prediction. We are always finding new discoveries, and we are using more modern tools that are more accurate. If it is in right hands then it is a blessing to man otherwise it can make life miserable. Science has made our live easy and comfortable but on other hands it has also created some destructive instruments which give much power to man that's why we should teach science technically not formally. first we will consider its merits .Science is man's helpmate. In the field of health modern techniques of science are being introduced. Difficult surgical operation have become routine in the field of medicines. it is the science that has helped the blind to see,deaf to hear and lame to walk. Life has been quick,easy and luxurious with the invention of many types of machines i. e air conditioner,mixture,refrigerator etc. I nvention of car,aeroplane and rockets etc have shortened the distance. Atomic energy is another recent scientific achievement. Atomic reactors are producing cheaper source of power and energy.The computer and internet has brought great change in our life. In short science is the key of success. On the other hand science has some demerits also. science has provided us with fearful weapons of human destruction. Science has given us atom bomb and hydrogen bomb. These inventions have opened up with frightful possibilities of bacteriological warfare,all of which can wipe out entire nation in no time. Computer is the most wonderful invention but the misuse of computer is creating many problems like student waste their time in net cafe's and in playing video games. People are going away from healthy way of life.Children learn from their parents, siblings, other relatives as well as from teachers. They learn from movies, television, radio, magazines as well as from schoolbooks and the schoo l environment. Science teachers should exploit the rich resources of the larger community and involve parents and other concerned adults in useful ways. It is also important for teachers to recognize that some of what their students learn informally is wrong, incomplete, poorly understood, or misunderstood, but that formal education can help students to restructure that knowledge and acquire new knowledge.Looking at the two aspects of modern science,we conclude that science by itself is neither good nor bad. it is the will and intentions of man,which makes him,put it to constructive use or take it to the path of devil. Science is knowledge of observation and analyzing facts. There is nothing good or bad with science. It is like knife, which may be used to cut branches of trees or vegetables and at the same time could be used to cut the throat of a man. It is all to man how he uses it.

Aristotles Views On Politics essays

Aristotle's Views On Politics essays Regime Change We have two great philosophers, Plato and Aristotle. These are great men, whose ideas have not been forgotten over years. Although their thoughts of politics were similar, we find some discrepancies in their teachings. The ideas stem from Socrates to Plato to Aristotle. Plato based moral knowledge on abstract reason, while Aristotle grounded it on experience and tried to apply it more to concrete living. Both ways of life are well respected by many people today. Plato started his teachings in remembrance of his good friend, Socrates. After his death he traveled back to Italy and studied under Pythagoras. Some years later he began The Academy. Much of the curriculum taught was dedicated to the teachings of Socrates. During this time he began to write down his thoughts about politics and development of a regime. Developing different aspects than Socrates. The Republic is the most important dialogue within Platos teaching of politics. It deals with the soul, which, as we k now from the beginning, at the level where one must make choices and decide what one wants to become in this life, and it describes justice as the ultimate form of human, and the ideal one should strive for both in life and in state. Justice as understood by Plato is not merely a social virtue, having only to do with relationship between people, but virtue that makes it possible for one to build their own regime and reach happiness. The Republic is a political, and a work dealing with what traits or virtues one must have, as its whole purpose is to show that the one cannot be separated from the other. Politics is nothing more than the attempts of man to put order or disorder in his social life or regime. There is no way people can bring order in their social life if one does not first put order in their life, nobody is able to lead others unless one first leads oneself. Peoples soul are made up of several parts, as will be sh...

Son Hollering Creek Professor Ramos Blog

Son Hollering Creek JJ, Juan Jr., is anticipating his twenty-first birthday. On the eve of his birthday, he stares at his father, whom he both loves and hates. He loves his Papa for showing him what not to do as a husband and a father, but he hates his Papa for all the awful things he has done as a husband and a father. Eighteen years ago, JJ’s Mama, Cleoflias, tried to flee with him and his little sister, Esperanza, whom was still blooming within Cleofilas’ sanctuary. Cleofilas’ husband made her nightmare become reality when he showed up at the Cash N Carry with a smug look upon his face. He wasn’t even surprised, as she would have thought. He caught drift of her plan, but he waited just long enough to get her hopes up of finally being freed from his power. That night, eighteen years ago, was when little JJ, who was a brisk three years old, finally witnessed why Mama was trying to escape. JJ’s weeping mama fell down onto the kitchen floor. When Papa shoved his way out of the kitchen and through the front door, JJ ran to his mama and lay by her side while she slept. He noticed a stream of bright red blood coming from her pursed lips, so he quickly grabbed his pack of wet wipes and cleaned up her lip so she did not have to know that Papa had made her bleed. Mama woke up, eyes filled to the rim like the arroyo in the story that she would tell JJ when he would not go to bed when she put him down. Hollering of pain and embarrassment for her son to see her like this, Mama grabbed JJ and her plunged belly and said, â€Å"I am your mother. I will never abandon you.† From that moment, he knew he had to protect Mama and his little sister and make sure the promises he made Mama would come true. JJ would love and protect her no matter what. Throughout the years, JJ had been doing odd jobs around the town, mowing lawns, delivering groceries, washing cars, and walking dogs, to save up all the money he could to get them away from Papa. He had gotten into contact with his Abuelo Don and asked him if they could all come to live with him; he happily agreed. JJ had finally saved up enough money to get them all out of there Mama, Esperanza, Catalina, his pregnant fiancà ©, and himself. They would all leave and never look back. Papa wasn’t always awful. Sometimes he would take little JJ down to the arroyo and go fishing. When they would fish, Papa would always tell JJ he loved his Mama very much, him and Esperanza too. He told JJ he never meant to hurt his Mama, and that he needed to be a better father and husband than he ever was. Those were the times were he saw the good inside his Papa. Then they would walk back home and the evil clawed its way out of him again. Not all the time, but a lot of the time, JJ would find himself lying next to Mama on the floor. Sometimes in the living room, the kitchen, the bathroom, his and Esperanza’s room, even the front lawn. And every single time, Mama would holler with pain and tell them, â€Å"I am your mother. I will never abandon you.† Eighteen years was a long time for all of them. He hated seeing his Mama go through hell night after night. When he would intervene, it would only make things worse, but he rather take it if it sacrificed his Mama one less time. Each blow filled him with hate and guilt, but he would never fight back; he never wanted to be his father’s son. His pride in knowing his purpose was his family’s safety and happiness made him stronger each time. The one promise that he expressed to the three women in his life was what kept them going all these years. They all did their part to try and keep the peace when they noticed Papa downing the Modelos, sometimes were more successful than others. They made it though; it was time to leave, finally. The night of JJ’s birthday, Mama made a cake for him, and everyone sang, â€Å"Happy birthday, happy birthday to you† (Cisneros 8). After dinner, Papa wanted to celebrate his son’s coming into the man’s world. He brought out the twelve pack of chilled Modelos, popped off two bottle caps with his brass Mexican flag belt buckle, and handed one to his only son. They cheered. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, and eleven. Papa drank the rest of the pack. His head became fuzzy and he turned into bed. As they waited a few moments to make sure Papa was sound asleep, they all grab their small duffel bags. JJ quietly put all of their belongings in the bed of his beat up, sun blistered, white Toyota pick up truck that his Papa gave him for his sixteenth birthday. He got everyone inside the truck, but Mama stopped him. She asked him if he was sure this was the best thing for them. He kissed her forehead, smiled and said, â€Å"I am your son. I will never abandon you.† One single tear trickled down her face as she embraced her son and loaded into the truck. They all held their breaths as the truck rolled in neutral to the road, to not risk being heard by Papa. Silence fell over them until they crossed over the arroyo. In unison, the family, â€Å"let out a yell as loud as any mariachi,† and all cried in laughter (Cisneros 55). For the first time in their lives, they hollered of happiness. Not of sadness or pain like La Llorona for her children, but of pure bliss and freedom. The trip was six hours long to reach his Abuelo’s ranch. Mama’s eyes widened as they turned onto the familiar narrow dirt road that led to the burnt red ranch that she knew all too well. JJ turned over to his Mama as he noticed her grasp his hand so tightly he could feel her freshly painted nails digging into his palm, but he didn’t mind. As JJ put the truck into park, the screen door burst open with Abuelo Don rushing out. Mama’s tears could not be contained once she saw her papa looking frailer than what she remembered all those years ago. She stepped out of the truck hesitantly and wept so much she fell to her knees. â€Å"I’m sorry Papa!† Mama hollered. Her father knelt to his knees, wiped her tears, lifted her chin, and said, â€Å"I am your father. I will never abandon you† (Cisneros 43). JJ helped Esperanza and Catalina out of the truck and they all headed to Abuelo Don. JJ stopped, and stuck out his hand to his Abuelo Don. As soon as his Abuelo reached in for his hand, JJ broke down in tears. All the hurt from the last eighteen tears came rushing out like a rapid white river. He had tried so hard to be strong for everyone. Never once did he show his hurt or the times he almost fought back. Him and Catalina had found out that they were having a son of their own, so JJ knew he had to break the cycle. The curse of La Llorona had left their veins once they drove over the arroyo, and they all felt it too. On the patio of the ranch was when JJ started feeling a little less heavy, he always hoped he’d keep his promise, but he was never absolutely sure. His heart warmed with the satisfaction that he could truly finally say that he wasn’t his father’s son. He looked to his family and said, â€Å"los amo a todos,† and they never looked back, ever. Cisneros, Sandra. Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories. New York, Vintage, 1991.

Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Business Law - Essay Example The court did not find specific performance as a legal remedy in this case for the reason that it was impossible to compel the Wentz to sell the carrots to Campbell unwillingly. In the final ruling, the court refused to help Campbell in reinforcing the case because Campbell had formulated an unconscionable contract that provided him with unreasonable privileges to control the farmers. For instance, he could dictate to whom the farmers would sell the carrots they could not buy after the harvest. To avoid instances of unconscionable contracts in the future, Campbell soup requires to exercise fairness in the contract by involving farmers during the contract formulation process (Blum, 2007). The Uniform Commercial Code Under UCC 2-302, a person who buys goods at an exaggerated price stands a better chance to exit a contract more than a person who is involved in the purchase of non-food products. The principle of fairness requires that all contracts be treated as equally binding regardles s of the participants of the contract. However, the UCC law seems to contradict this law by exercising favoritism for people with unequal bargaining power. It would be more ethical if the court upheld treated all citizens on the same platform as long as the at the signing of the contract each party is aware of the terms of the contract; They have the will to sign it or refuse to sign (Collins, 2009). In the scenario of Ace heating and Cooling Company, although Glamour and Shady restaurant are familiar with the terms of the contract, the purchase conditions are incomparable. While Glamour purchased the Freezy to protect the health of old patients, Shady restaurants bought the Freezy out of not urgency. Glamour’s purchased the goods to protect the rights of people who have a low bargaining power, unlike Shady’s customers. Employment-at Will The employment-at-will Act allows the employer to fire an employee without any substantial reason to do so, and as they deem fit for the organization. Unless there is a contract of employment or evidence of discrimination, fired employees cannot obtain a legal protection from a court of law. While it is considerate to allow employers to fire employees at their own discretion, this rule has been applied to inflict discrimination in the labor market. For instance, ABC news reported a case where a woman was fired on the ground that she was irresistible and was a threat to marriages. When the Supreme Court ruled against the woman and justified the action of the employer, the case attracted a lot of controversy since this termination of employment was perceived as an incidence of illegal female discrimination. The fact that the court granted rehearing of the case, it can be considered as evidence of inconsistency in court decision due to a weakness in the law regarding the firing of employees (Doyle, 2013). To avoid such inconsistencies and misinterpretation of the law regarding firing, the law should not allow firin g for no reason policy. A Principal’s Responsibility for the Actions of Their Agent The action of Steve, a Big Mart employee, to check their customer, Karen, is part of the responsibility he owes to their employer. The fact that Karen did not go through the check counter raises a question and hence Steve’s action to scrutinize her is an act of good faith. Since Karen has no tangible evidence to show that Steve had a malicious intention, she is not justified to sue for defamation or

Psychology of religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Psychology of religion - Essay Example needs to acts in his own interests and to ward off things that will harm him.† (Retrieved from www.englishforums.com) Different communities maintain different religious beliefs, though attributes affiliated with the Supreme Being are similar to some extent. The same is the case with Christianity. Christianity is the most popular religion of the globe, as its followers are highest in number to all other faiths existing in the contemporary world. Christians have extracted the attributes of God from Biblical themes and stories. But the philosophers contain diversified opinion regarding the background, description, existence and executions of these characteristics. Hodgson & King (1985) have discussed the philosophical views of eminent theologian and philosopher Thomas Aquinas of 13th century with the work of contemporary thinker Gordon Kaufman, in a comparative way, in their famous work under the title â€Å"Readings In Christian Mythology.† The work concentrates on the religious aspects of Christianity with reference of religious themes and beliefs in order to show the relation of human characteristics with those attributed with Almighty God. St. Aquinas is of the view that the merit and demerit of all the qualities obtained and possessed by humans have been determined as good or bad by Almighty God. In other words, it is no t man that decides an action, an idea, a notion or a concept as good or bad; rather, these qualities have already been decided by the Lord, on the basis of which all the actions, activities and attitude of human beings are regulated and maintained. â€Å"All that man is, and can, and has†, Aquinas suggests, â€Å"must be referred to God; and therefore every action of man, whether good or bad, acquires merit or demerit in the sight of God, as far as the action itself is concerned.† (Quoted in Porter, 1997: 212) In the same way, Aquinas submits that no words in any language can portray the attributes of God. On the other hand, man has learnt and

Proposal for the analytical report Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

For the analytical report - Thesis Proposal Example Technology has revolutionized business activities especially sales and marketing. I will present a variety of smartphone options that the company’s sales and marketing department can use to ensure the achievement of company’s vision in sales. I will then do a comparison of the options gauging their strengths and weaknesses in relation to the objectives of the company. I will ultimately present my recommendation to the company suggesting the best option that it can settle that is relevant to the same objectives. The company is operating in a highly competitive environment where success involves an integration of many factors .The sales have been dwindling in the past couple of months owing to inadequate networking between the sales staff and the company’s product consumers. The high cost of advertising via the local media (radio and television) has made it virtually impossible to advertise these products adequately. The sales manager noted that the company started losing some of its customers to rival companies. He noted that this was not necessarily due to the competitors having better products but attributed this to the loss of personal touch between the company sales agents and the customers. The company realised that the figures they were getting from revenue sales were way less than the ones projected at the beginning of the financial year. The scope of the options that I chose for the report have features that will help address these concerns and hopefully provide even more ben efits. The company has a goal of further expansion of its network and it’s afraid this would not be possible with poor sales and without an effective system of communication. With this goal in mind, the company would like a recommendation of my report to suggest a good brand of smartphone that it can invest in for use in sales and

Important Event in Chinese History Essay Example for Free

Important Event in Chinese History Essay The May Fourth Movement (traditional Chinese: ä ºâ€Ã¥â€ºâ€ºÃ© â€¹Ã¥â€¹â€¢; simplified Chinese: ä ºâ€Ã¥â€ºâ€ºÃ¨ ¿ Ã¥Å  ¨; pinyin: WÇ”sà ¬ Yà ¹ndà ²ng) was an anti-imperialist, cultural, and political movement growing out of student demonstrations in Beijing on May 4, 1919, protesting the Chinese governments weak response to the Treaty of Versailles, especially the Shandong Problem. These demonstrations sparked national protests and marked the upsurge of Chinese nationalism, a shift towards political mobilization and away from cultural activities, and a move towards populist base rather than intellectual elites. The broader use of the term May Fourth Movement often refers to the period during 1915-1921 more often called the New Culture Movement. Backgrounds: Following the Xinhai Revolution in 1911, the Qing Dynasty was overthrown. This marked the end of thousands of years of powerful imperial rule, and theoretically ushered a new era in which political power rested with the people. However, the reality was that China was a fragmented nation dominated by warlords, who were more concerned with their own political powers and private armies than national interests. The Chinese Beiyang government was occupied with suppressing internal affairs, and did little to counter the influence exerted by imperialist foreign powers. The Beiyang government made various concessions to foreigners in order to gain monetary and military support against their rivals. Defeats by foreign powers and the presence of spheres of influence inflamed a sense of nationalism among the emerging middle class and cultural leaders. Leaders of the New Culture Movement believed that traditional Chinese values were responsible for the political weakness of the nation. This created a rather peculiar situation, in which Chinese nationalists called for a rejection of traditional values and the selective adoption of Western ideals of science and democracy. May fourth Movement (Chinese Students Protest) In 1989 there were growing economic hardship caused by high inflation set the ground for a large-scale protest movement by students intellectuals and other parts of a disaffected urban population. University students and other citizens in Beijing camped out at Tiananmen Square to protest against those who slowed reform. Protests also spread to many other cities including Shanghai and Guangzhou.Martial law was declared on May 20 1989, military units were deployed in Beijing. Demonstrators were suppressed brutally, most observers believe that casualties numbered in the hundreds.The entire world expressed horror at the brutal suppression of the demonstrators, the central government eliminated opposition, held in custody large numbers of protesters and urged for required political re-education not only for students but also for party cadre and government officials.

Rappaccini’s Daughter Essay: The Irony -- Rappaccinis Daughter Essays

â€Å"Rappaccini’s Daughter† – the Irony  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚   In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s tale, â€Å"Rappaccini’s Daughter,† the reader finds numerous ironies, many of which are explained in this essay.    Morse Peckham in â€Å"The Development of Hawthorne’s Romanticism† gives an explanation of how Hawthorne uses historicism in his early short stories [â€Å"Rappaccini’s Daughter† was in Twice-Told Tales in 1836] for an ironic effect:    The Romantic historicist used the past for a double, interconnected purpose. On the one hand it was a means for separating oneself from society. . . .He can be aware of the failure of the institution to fulfill its avowed intentions and its social function. . . . Romantic historicism, therefore, is never an end in itself but a strategy for placing the current social conditions in an ironic perspective. . . .(91-92)    In â€Å"Rappaccini’s Daughter† the â€Å"failure of the institution† relaates to the medical establishment, which is traditionally sworn to uphold the health of people, but in this story Dr. Rappaccini, out of scientific zeal, has been skewed away from the fundamental purpose of medicine. It is indeed ironic that he poisons his own daughter and her boyfriend, alienating them from society and dooming them.    The tale takes place in Padua, Italy, where a Naples student named Giovanni Guascanti has relocated in order to attend the medical school there. His modest room is in an old mansion watched over by the landlady, Dame Lisabetta, a two-dimensional character given to religious expletives like, ``Holy Virgin, signor!'' She seeks to make the customer content with his lodging; she answers Giovanni’s curiosity about a garden next-door: ``No; that garden is cultivated by the own hands of... ...    Hawthorne, Nathaniel. â€Å"Rappaccini’s Daughter.† ElectronicText Center. University of Virginia Library. http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/browse-mixed-new?id="HawRapp"&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public    Kazin, Alfred. Introduction. Selected Short Stories of Nathaniel Hawthorne. New York: Fawcett Premier, 1966.    Kaul, A.N. â€Å"Introduction.† In Hawthorne – A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by A.N. Kaul. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966.    Peckham, Morse. â€Å"The Development of Hawthorne’s Romanticism.† In Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne, edited by Clarice Swisher. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1996.    Swisher, Clarice. â€Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne: a Biography.† In Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne, edited by Clarice Swisher. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1996.            

Prisoners Rights Essay

Societies over time have defined human rights through a variety of documents that have sought to protect the rights of people. The Geneva Convention is an example of these documents. These documents not only firmly establish rights, but also ensure that countries that adopt these laws are responsible for ensuring rights are respected and followed. Unfortunately, not all governments obey these documents. In the case where war occurs, the Geneva Convention has been especially disregarded and ignored. As a result, agencies such as Amnesty International have stepped in to fight for those prisoners whose rights have been broken. Amnesty International has become one of the most successful agencies, freeing and helping thousands of people who have been imprisoned unfairly. The rights for different kinds of prisoners in different countries are still being debated to this day. These prisoners include prisoners in detention centers and prisoners of conscience. Some people think that someone who has infringed on other’s human rights should not have valid rights themselves. Despite this, prisoners are allowed rights, such as conditions of confinement, limited privacy, safety from other prisoners, food and water and medical attention if necessary. Many prisons still deny one or more of these rights, and continue to this day to torture, kill and/or discriminate against prisoners. One of the most globally recognized laws regarding prisoners is the Geneva Convention. The Geneva Convention is a set of rules written in 1929 and revised in 1949, which focuses on the rights of prisoners of war. Prisoners of war are specifically soldiers captured and held captive by the enemy army. The Geneva Convention states that prisoners of war cannot be prosecuted for taking direct part in hostilities. Their detention is supposed to prevent further participation in the conflict and should not be a form of punishment. The term ‘Prisoners of war’ only applies to international armed conflict. These prisoners must be released and sent back to their country without delay at the end of the war. They must be treated humanely in all circumstances and should be protected against any act of violence, intimidation insults and public curiosity. Despite this, many governments have failed to acknowledge the convention and in some cases, have resulted in prisoners being tortured and even killed. In Guantà ¡namo Bay, Cuba, there is a detention center at its naval base, set up by the United States. From 2002, the prison has been holding prisoners who have been suspected of being terrorists or having ties to terrorists. They are held in order for the government to try and get information out of them. The Americans also set up another detention center in Abu Ghraib, Iraq in 2004. George Bush, who was president of the USA at the time, described the men held in these prisons not as prisoners of war, but as unlawful combatants and claimed that the Geneva Conventions protections did not apply to them. A lot of people have argued that the prisons should not be allowed, due to the fact that most prisoners have been tortured, sexually abused, drugged, and harmed by many other violent acts to get information. There are still no laws that protect these prisoners and the USA has gotten many negative judgments from all around the world. A lot of global campaigns and agencies are currently working to fix this issue. Prisoners of Conscience are people who are believed to have had already had their rights stripped from them. More specifically, they are people who have been imprisoned for expressing ideas about their lifestyle, belief, race, or religion in a non-violent way and have been denied due process. Due process is the system where a person is procedure where a person goes through a fair trial in the normal judicial system where he/she is innocent until proven guilty. There are agencies and campaigns worldwide that go to extreme extents to get prisoners of conscience publically recognized and hopefully released. Amnesty International is one of the most well–known and successful non-governmental campaigning organizations that works to monitor and protect human rights all over the world. The organization began with one man’s outrage and his courage to do something about it, this man being British lawyer Peter Benson. He is looked at as a hero, not only within the organization. Their main focus are Prisoners of Conscience. The organization has over 3 million members and supporters and was founded in London 1996. Their objective is to â€Å"conduct research and generate action to prevent and end grave abuses of human rights, and to demand justice for those whose rights have been violated.† Amnesty International think of themselves as advocates for prisoners and the word ‘amnesty’ refers to being forgiven for a crime or other offence. Prisoners’ rights is just one segment of human rights, but is still just as important as children’s or elderly rights. Prisoners everywhere, from those in Guantà ¡namo Bay to prisoners of war should have valid rights if they don’t already. Having legal rights or laws is the first step, but putting the law in action is what really matters. Although there are a number of countries that ignore these documents, there are also countries that abide by them and are great examples of fair humanity. Agencies, organizations and campaigns work for these changes all around the world and with the help and support of every day people, they can hopefully change the world for the better.

Is literature the expression of the human condition

Is Literature the Expression of the Human Condition Oh yes, is literature the expression of the human condition or is it not? Yes, literature is and for only one reason, Normans Conquest 1066. But also literature is recorders of history, recordings of time. Literature also a sequence of words, it can consist of all meanings, expressing the human condition, emotions, recorders, it defines life. The human condition is experiences of being human in a social, cultural, and personal context, it's an aspect of positives and negatives of being human.So forth, literature is shown in Death of a Salesman, where Willy is stuck in his wn past and everyone but him knows that. But like all humans, we all have dreams, hopes, and plans. â€Å"LINDA: He'll find his way. WILLY: Sure. Certain men Just don't get started till later in life. Like Thomas Edison, I think. Or B. F. them was deaf. [He starts for the money on Biff. † Goodrich. One of bedroom doorway. ] I'll put my Willy hoping that one day for Biff to be a famous salesman, like one of the best salesman out there, at the top with Thomas Edison, or B.F. or Goodrich. But both Linda and Willy knew that Biff would never be a major success in business, but even though they knew it, they still hoped and believed in him. The American dream was to be the number one, at the top better than everyone else and that's what Willy always wanted, he wanted to be the best, especially the best salesman. He was living in the past and ruining all hopes of ever becoming the best. He Just couldn't grasp on the fact that the future was coming sooner then he thought, and wasn't ready for it.CHARLEY: â€Å"Nobody dast blame this man. You don't understand: Willy was a salesman. And for a salesman, there's no rock bottom to the life. He don't put a bolt to a the law or give you medicine. He's a nut, he don't tell you man way out there in the blue riding on a smile and a ack†that's an shoeshine. And when they start not smiling earthqua ke. And then you get yourself a couple spots your hat and your finished. Nobody dast blame this man. A salesman is got to dream boy, it comes with the territory. Charley insisting that Willy a salesman and no matter he always will be, his dream will never die, and even when your salesman and it's not going the best it possibly can or you're not the best in the world there's no rock bottom. Also as you can see in Great Gatsby ,Literature is expressing that humans can be split by wealth The poor do their own thing, nave their own parties and hen the more wealthy class stay with their group and have their own events. But also in this book it prove one man's love for a women and how long and how far people are willing to go to prove their love.Well for Gatsby he Just never gave up on the girl of his dreams, he followed her, set up every moment perfectly, planned everything. â€Å"Whenever you feel like criticizing any one†¦ Just remember that all the people in this world havent ha d the advantages that you've had. â€Å"(l) In life, not everyone has the opportunities as others would get, so it's like that saying â€Å"Don't Judge a book by its cover. † Because if you are criticizing people Just off looks, or what you think they might be or what they might have done, you might never know, and maybe you would be wrong.You never know what some people have been through, until that day you learn how to go up to them and stop Judging and talk to them and find out who they really are. In humans we have the intensity to always Judge someone, will it be looks, wealth, personality, how they talk, or what they do. No matter where you go it's in the human condition that someone or everyone will Judge you, either it will be said to your face or in their mind. It's human nature for Judging, to also debate weather how we will get treated or act. â€Å"Gatsby's wonder when he first picked out the green light at the end of Daisy's dock†¦. is dream must have clos e that he could hardly fail to grasp it. He seemed so did not know that it was already behind him. † (182) Gatsby gets so close to the girl he's in love with, so close but yet so far. Emotions is one of the key part to the human condition, love can play a big role in life, it can take control over your mind, soul, heart, everything, it can be the best feeling in the world or it can be the worst. It can feel like heaven but hurt like hell. But if love didn't hurt or give the pain it gives then there would be no reasons to come back to it.Or to keep falling in and out of love. In The Adventures of Huckflnn, Huck lies throughout the book, but in some cases it's for the best, to either save himself or someone he cares about. But it's like Truth vs. Lies vs. Life and death, for example â€Å"Honest, I'll tell you everything Just as it happened, your majesty. The man that had a-holt of me was very good to kept saying he had a boy about as big as me that he was sorry to see a boy in such a me, and ied last year, and dangerous fix; and when they was all took by surprise by coffin, he lets go sure! finding the gold, and made a rush for the of me and whispers, ‘Heel it now, or theyll hang ye, and I lit out. It didn't seem no good for ME to stay†I couldn't do nothing, and I didn't want to be hung if I could So I never stopped running till I found the canoe; told Jim to hurry, or theyd catch me get away. and when I got here I and hang me yet, and said I was afeard you and the duke so was Jim, Jim if I 55) wasn't alive now, and I was awful sorry, and and was awful glad when we see you coming; you may askHuck is lying to save himself, but also he got lucky that the man that was holding him, his son died that year and was around his age and height, but it reminded n of his son. The man felt sorry for Huck, that he was in such a dangerous fix, so when the man got a chance to let Huck run, he did. The human condition, is like when we get a chance to lie we u sually take it, Just as long as we get what we want, Just put words together and make it into sentences that people want to hear, but it's all bull shit.An nice over being a asshole, out in the world there are mainly assholes, but ho can really blame them since if your too nice you get taken for granted. In Winesburg Ohio, literature is expressed through many of ways, in all of the short stories. In â€Å"Hands† a guy uses his hands to talk but he got kick out of his home town for doing that, for the town people thought he wasn't the same as them, and they didn't like people who where different, they wanted everything the same everyone the same. The coming of industrialization, attended by all the roar and rattle of affairs, the shrill cries of millions have come among us from overseas, trains, the growth of cities, of voices that he going and coming of the building of the interurban car lines that weave in in and out of towns and past farmhouses, and now these later days the coming of the automobiles has worked a tremendous change in lives and in the habits of thought of our people of Mid- America. â€Å"(56) Urbanization and travel have changed America, as the humanity started to change so did movement, traveling, and more to advance into the future.Making life easier, but in Winesburg Ohio, towns were full of one type of people because if you were different they would either run you out of the town or end up killing you, having someone different then veryone else Just wasn't common for them. Going on, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, as a slave suffering was a daily thing, and white folks were stupid for insistence†¦ â€Å"l have often been utterly astonished, since I came to the north, to find persons who could speak of the among slaves, as evidence of their It is impossible to singing, contentment and happiness. conceive of a greater mistake.Slaves sing most when they are most unhappy. The songs of the slave sorrows of his heart; and he is relieved represent the by them, only as an aching heart is relieved by its often tears. At least, such is my experience. I have sung to drown my sorrow, but seldom to express my happiness. Crying for Joy, and singing for Joy, were uncommon to me while in the Jaws of slavery. alike The singing ofa man cast away upon a desolate considered as island might be as appropriately evidence of contentment and happiness, as the singing of a slave; the songs of the one and of the prompted by the same emotion. (2. 9) other are The white folks that seen the slave singing songs, and dancing thought that they were happy, but never really understand that they were hoping for slavery to stop, to be free. Every man and every women should have equal rights no matter what color black, white, yellow, blue.. ect. All humans are equal that how God made us, Just because some are better in other things than others, doesn't make them less human or equal, slavery could work either way. So why put yo urself in a position that you wouldn't want to be in, in the first place.The Things They Carried, as literature is the expression of the human condition, it can be a not so pretty site at time. Life's already like a war, it's like the battlefield of life, but then to add to it, we got the most horrible thing know to mankind â€Å"war. â€Å"When I'm out there at night, I feel close to my own body, I can feel my blood moving, my skin and my everything, it's like I'm full of electricity fingernails, and I'm glowing in the dark– I'm on fire almost–l'm burning away to nothing–but it doesn't matter because I know exactly where I am. (1 1 1) War can change all aspects of a man, it's one of the most burial things in this world and watching with your only two pairs of eyes. We all have our own limits, till we finally break, and watching as your comrades or one of your best friends get shot, either critically injured, or to point they die. Will always change someone, c hange their life forever, war is not something to Joke about as are men fight for our safety and for us, we sit back at home living our life, like nothing going on. I'm skimming across the surface of my own history, moving fast, riding the melt beneath the loops and spins, and when I take a blades, doing high leap into the dark and come down thirty years Timmy's later, I realize it is as Tim trying to save life with a story. â€Å"(246) In this quote it shows what people really would do to save someone life, because one life can make a big differences. But Literature is the expression of the human condition, for life is something worth wild, as words have all different kinds of meaning they all can be inter twined with each other, which can tell stories and which makes history as we know it.